The Pacific

Country	Primary Legal Identity Document	Documents Needed	Does Legal Identity Serve as Proof of Citizenship
American Samoa	Birth certificate and a personal identification card.	Date and time of birth, the name of the father and mother, if known, and the sex of the applicant.	No, a birth certificate needs to be submitted with other documents, such as a Certificate of Non-Citizen Nationality.^[12]
Australia	No one primary document establishes legal identity, but the process begins with a birth certificate, which also includes an Australian passport, an Australian Citizenship Certificate, an ImmiCard issued by the Department of Home Affairs, and an Australian visa used upon entry into Australia with a foreign passport.	Date and time of birth, the name and details of the parents, proof of identity such as birth certificate, passport, driver’s license.	No, a birth certificate does not prove citizenship, but it is a mandatory document to apply for citizenship.
Federated States of Micronesia	Birth certificate.	Birth needs to be recorded in the health system before a birth can be registered in the civil registry.^[13]	No, a child acquires citizenship if at least one parent is a citizen.^[14]
Fiji	Birth certificate.	Notification of birth from hospital, registration of birth form, photo identification of parents, copy of marriage certificate of parents (if relevant).^[15]	Yes, when it is completed in accordance with the guidelines of Fiji’s Citizenship Act (2009).
Guam	Birth certificate in Guam, but in the United States, a birth certificate, a driver’s license and a personal identification card are needed to establish identity.	Informational Sheet for Completion of Certification of Live Birth needs to be completed so a Certified Birth Certificate can be provided by the Public Health, Vital Statistics.^[16]	Yes, individuals with a birth certificate issued by Guam, born in Guam after 24 December 1952, are considered citizens of the United States since Guam is a U.S. overseas territory.^[17]
Kiribati	Birth certificate.	Birth Notification Form to be submitted to the Island Council Clerk, which is then processed and sent to the Civil Registry Office.^[18]	No, individuals need to meet eligibility criteria to obtain citizenship, which is dependent on jus soli and jus sanguinis provisions, with an additional condition of births in or out of wedlock.^[19]
Marshall Islands	Birth certificate	Process requires families to come to the office either in Majuro or on Kwajalein, the two most populated atolls, to complete the birth registration and be issued birth certificates.^[20]	No, citizenship is acquired by parentage, birth if not eligible for citizenship in another country, registration if adopted, or through naturalization.^[21]
Nauru	Birth certificate.	Registration number and letters are issued to parents upon the birth, which then need to be taken to the Civil Registration Office to complete the process.^[22]	No, citizenship is granted through jus sanguinis provisions with a child born either within or outside the country to at least one Naurean citizen.^[23]
New Zealand	New Zealand or overseas Passport, driver’s license, or firearms license. Other acceptable documents include birth certificates, citizenship certificates, certificate of identity, refugee travel document, or emergency travel document.^[24]	To apply for a passport, driver’s license, or firearms license, one needs a valid photo, proof of identity documents, referees to confirm the applicant’s identity, and, for passport applications, a RealMe login.^[25]	No, children born in New Zealand to at least one parent who is a New Zealand citizen or who has a visa allowing them to reside in the country indefinitely are automatically granted citizenship at the time of birth registration.
Northern Mariana Islands	Northern Mariana Identification Cards issued in 1990^[26], Official Northern Marianas Descent Identification Card (ONMDIC) were introduced in 2011.^[27] In the United States, a birth certificate, a driver’s license and a personal identification card are needed to establish identity.	A ONMDIC can only be issued to a person who meets the requirements of Article XII, § 4 of the Northern Mariana Islands Constitution.^[28] To obtain a driver’s license in Northern Mariana, the applicant satisfy a number of requirements, such as completing a driver’s education course, providing proof of age and a legal ID, passing a driver’s test, and other requirements.^[29]	Yes, both documents, the Northern Mariana Identification Cards and the ONMDIC, can be used to prove identity and citizenship.
Palau	Birth certificate	Those born will be issued a hospital number when a Certificate of Live Birth is recorded at the Belau National Hospital.^[30]	Yes, birth registration serves as proof of citizenship, which is based on descent, and those born to foreign national parents are registered as citizens of the parents’ countries.^[31]
Papua New Guinea	Birth certificate and the National Identification (NID) card.	To register a birth and apply for an NID card, both parents must provide their nationality.^[32]	Yes, only the NID card can verify a person’s identity, citizenship, and residency.^[33]
Samoa	Birth certificate.	To register a birth, a birth notification is required followed by submission of a birth registration form and documentation.^[34]	Yes, a birth certificate can serve as proof of Samoan citizenship.^[35]
Solomon Islands	Birth certificate	To register a birth, a Notification of Birth Form is completed, then the notification needs to be agreed by two ministries and the hospital. It is finally authorised by the Home Ministry after which registration is completed, and then a birth certificate issued.^[36]	No, individuals who meet the criteria under the Citizenship Act 2018 must apply for citizenship with the Citizenship Commission.^[37]
Tonga	National ID card.	To apply for a national ID card, one needs a birth certificate. To register a birth, a notification of birth is issued, followed by a certificate of live birth. To complete the registration, parents must present this certificate to the civil registry to register the birth.^[38]	No, under Tonga’s Nationality Identity Card Act, revised in 2020, all residents must possess a national ID card regardless of citizenship status.^[39]
Tuvalu	Birth certificate.	The birth of every child born in Tuvalu must be registered within 10 days by a qualified informant, typically the parents or someone present at the birth.^[40]	No, a birth certificate does not constitute citizenship, as citizenship is generally acquired through descent (jus sanguinis), where individuals born to Tuvaluan parents are automatically granted citizenship.^[41]
Vanuatu	National ID card	To get a national identification card, a citizen or permanent resident must complete a Vanuatu ID Card and EID form, provide a birth certificate and a photo.^[42]	No, the National ID card does not by itself prove citizenship. Proof of citizenship is through a Citizenship Certificate.^[43]

Country

Primary Legal Identity Document

Documents Needed

Does Legal Identity Serve as Proof of Citizenship

American Samoa

Birth certificate and a personal identification card.

Date and time of birth, the name of the father and mother, if known, and the sex of the applicant.

No, a birth certificate needs to be submitted with other documents, such as a Certificate of Non-Citizen Nationality.^[12]

Australia

No one primary document establishes legal identity, but the process begins with a birth certificate, which also includes an Australian passport, an Australian Citizenship Certificate, an ImmiCard issued by the Department of Home Affairs, and an Australian visa used upon entry into Australia with a foreign passport.

Date and time of birth, the name and details of the parents, proof of identity such as birth certificate, passport, driver’s license.

No, a birth certificate does not prove citizenship, but it is a mandatory document to apply for citizenship.

Federated States of Micronesia

Birth certificate.

Birth needs to be recorded in the health system before a birth can be registered in the civil registry.^[13]

No, a child acquires citizenship if at least one parent is a citizen.^[14]

Fiji

Birth certificate.

Notification of birth from hospital, registration of birth form, photo identification of parents, copy of marriage certificate of parents (if relevant).^[15]

Yes, when it is completed in accordance with the guidelines of Fiji’s Citizenship Act (2009).

Guam

Birth certificate in Guam, but in the United States, a birth certificate, a driver’s license and a personal identification card are needed to establish identity.

Informational Sheet for Completion of Certification of Live Birth needs to be completed so a Certified Birth Certificate can be provided by the Public Health, Vital Statistics.^[16]

Yes, individuals with a birth certificate issued by Guam, born in Guam after 24 December 1952, are considered citizens of the United States since Guam is a U.S. overseas territory.^[17]

Kiribati

Birth certificate.

Birth Notification Form to be submitted to the Island Council Clerk, which is then processed and sent to the Civil Registry Office.^[18]

No, individuals need to meet eligibility criteria to obtain citizenship, which is dependent on jus soli and jus sanguinis provisions, with an additional condition of births in or out of wedlock.^[19]

Marshall Islands

Birth certificate

Process requires families to come to the office either in Majuro or on Kwajalein, the two most populated atolls, to complete the birth registration and be issued birth certificates.^[20]

No, citizenship is acquired by parentage, birth if not eligible for citizenship in another country, registration if adopted, or through naturalization.^[21]

Nauru

Birth certificate.

Registration number and letters are issued to parents upon the birth, which then need to be taken to the Civil Registration Office to complete the process.^[22]

No, citizenship is granted through jus sanguinis provisions with a child born either within or outside the country to at least one Naurean citizen.^[23]

New Zealand

New Zealand or overseas Passport, driver’s license, or firearms license. Other acceptable documents include birth certificates, citizenship certificates, certificate of identity, refugee travel document, or emergency travel document.^[24]

To apply for a passport, driver’s license, or firearms license, one needs a valid photo, proof of identity documents, referees to confirm the applicant’s identity, and, for passport applications, a RealMe login.^[25]

No, children born in New Zealand to at least one parent who is a New Zealand citizen or who has a visa allowing them to reside in the country indefinitely are automatically granted citizenship at the time of birth registration.

Northern Mariana Islands

Northern Mariana Identification Cards issued in 1990^[26], Official Northern Marianas Descent Identification Card (ONMDIC) were introduced in 2011.^[27] In the United States, a birth certificate, a driver’s license and a personal identification card are needed to establish identity.

A ONMDIC can only be issued to a person who meets the requirements of Article XII, § 4 of the Northern Mariana Islands Constitution.^[28]
To obtain a driver’s license in Northern Mariana, the applicant satisfy a number of requirements, such as completing a driver’s education course, providing proof of age and a legal ID, passing a driver’s test, and other requirements.^[29]

Yes, both documents, the Northern Mariana Identification Cards and the ONMDIC, can be used to prove identity and citizenship.

Palau

Birth certificate

Those born will be issued a hospital number when a Certificate of Live Birth is recorded at the Belau National Hospital.^[30]

Yes, birth registration serves as proof of citizenship, which is based on descent, and those born to foreign national parents are registered as citizens of the parents’ countries.^[31]

Papua New Guinea

Birth certificate and the National Identification (NID) card.

To register a birth and apply for an NID card, both parents must provide their nationality.^[32]

Yes, only the NID card can verify a person’s identity, citizenship, and residency.^[33]

Samoa

Birth certificate.

To register a birth, a birth notification is required followed by submission of a birth registration form and documentation.^[34]

Yes, a birth certificate can serve as proof of Samoan citizenship.^[35]

Solomon Islands

Birth certificate

To register a birth, a Notification of Birth Form is completed, then the notification needs to be agreed by two ministries and the hospital. It is finally authorised by the Home Ministry after which registration is completed, and then a birth certificate issued.^[36]

No, individuals who meet the criteria under the Citizenship Act 2018 must apply for citizenship with the Citizenship Commission.^[37]

Tonga

National ID card.

To apply for a national ID card, one needs a birth certificate. To register a birth, a notification of birth is issued, followed by a certificate of live birth. To complete the registration, parents must present this certificate to the civil registry to register the birth.^[38]

No, under Tonga’s Nationality Identity Card Act, revised in 2020, all residents must possess a national ID card regardless of citizenship status.^[39]

Tuvalu

Birth certificate.

The birth of every child born in Tuvalu must be registered within 10 days by a qualified informant, typically the parents or someone present at the birth.^[40]

No, a birth certificate does not constitute citizenship, as citizenship is generally acquired through descent (jus sanguinis), where individuals born to Tuvaluan parents are automatically granted citizenship.^[41]

Vanuatu

National ID card

To get a national identification card, a citizen or permanent resident must complete a Vanuatu ID Card and EID form, provide a birth certificate and a photo.^[42]

No, the National ID card does not by itself prove citizenship. Proof of citizenship is through a Citizenship Certificate.^[43]

Across the Pacific, the development of digital identity systems is still in its early stages, with only a few countries having established frameworks while many others are still navigating the initial stages of planning and implementation. Only three out of the 17 countries (Australia, New Zealand and Vanuatu) have digital ID systems in place. A common theme across these systems is that they are designed primarily to support secure online access to government services, although they differ in scope and function. Australia’s myID and New Zealand’s RealMe are voluntary. Both IDs are foundational and functional, offering secure verification but not serving as proof of citizenship.^[44] In contrast, Vanuatu’s E-ID acts as a foundational ID, forming the primary legal identity for citizens and permanent residents, and the NID card is mandatory, while E-ID is voluntary.^[45]

Most of the remaining countries that have plans to roll out a digital ID system are at different stages of development. Fiji announced in 2025 that it will build a comprehensive National Digital ID System which is expected to take three years to complete.^[46] Kiribati intends to develop a digital ID as part of its Digital Government Master Plan, while the Marshall Islands is progressing through a World Bank–supported Digital Republic Project to lay the groundwork for digital identity.^[47] Papua New Guinea has already begun rolling out its SevisPass system, although it is not yet fully implemented.^[48] Samoa has legislated its future digital ID framework through the National Digital Identification Act, but is still preparing for its rollout.^[49] Tonga is receiving World Bank support to digitize and integrate its civil registration and national ID systems, and Nauru plans to establish a national digital ID in the next five years through its Digital Transformation Strategy 2025–2030.^[50] Smaller countries such as Tuvalu have outlined ambitions to be a “digital nation”, but implementation remains uncertain.^[51]

Table 3: Digital ID System and its Key Features Across The Pacific countries

Country	Digital ID System Found in the Country?	Key Features
American Samoa	None	Not applicable
Australia	myID – 2024	MyID is a voluntary, foundational and functional ID system evolved from myGovID, designed to securely verify identity for accessing government services online. It does not prove citizenship, as non-citizens with valid visas can obtain a digital ID.^[52]
Federated States of Micronesia	None	There were plans in 2019 to implement a voluntary National Digital Identification (NDID) system by the government to provide a ‘unique legal identity to all citizens and residents of Micronesia’^[53]
Fiji	None	There was an announcement in 2025 to establish a comprehensive and secure National Digital ID System by the National Identification Steering Committee which is expected to take three years to complete.^[54]
Guam	None	Not applicable
Kiribati	None	Aims to establish a digital identity (ID) system as part of its broader digital transformation efforts outlined in the Digital Government Master Plan (2021).^[55]
Marshall Islands	None	It is in the early stages of implementing a digital ID system as part of a broader World Bank-supported Digital Republic Project.^[56]
Nauru	None	It plans to implement a national digital ID system in the next five years as part of their National Digital Transformation Strategy 2025-2030.^[57]
New Zealand	RealMe – 2013	RealMe is both a functional and foundational digital ID that enables individuals to securely prove their identity online and access government and private services. RealMe is generally optional and not required in order to access services, aside from applying for a visa to New Zealand.^[58]
Northern Mariana Islands	None	Not applicable
Palau	None	No digital ID system for citizens, but it offers Palau a “Web3-based digital ID platform” for non-citizens, serving as both a foundational and functional ID. It enables access to financial platforms, government services, and digital contracts, but does not prove citizenship or grant residency rights.^[59]
Papua New Guinea	None	It’s digital ID system, SevisPass, entered the rollout phase in May and June of 2025 but has yet to be fully implemented. It is envisioned as a foundational ID for identity verification and provides access to online government services.^[60]
Samoa	None	In February 2024, Samoa’s digital ID system, as well as its main legislative framework, were envisioned under the National Digital Identification Act as a part of the country’s CRVS framework, but it has yet to be rolled out.^[61] Intended to be both a foundational and functional ID. It will introduce a unique 10‑digit identification number (SDIN) and a biometric national identity database to provide citizens and residents with a legally recognized digital identity.^[62]
Solomon Islands	None	Not applicable
Tonga	None	There are plans to implement one with the World Bank granting Tonga $4.65 million to support the Tonga Digital Government Support Project, including the digitization and linking of Tonga’s civil registration and national ID systems.^[63]
Tuvalu	None	At COP27 (2022), the Tuvaluan Minister of Justice, Communications and Foreign Affairs announced that Tuvalu would become the first ‘digital nation’ and aims to ‘digitally recreate its land, archive its rich history and culture, and move all governmental functions into a digital space’, but there have been no updates on this since then.^[64]
Vanuatu	E-ID – 2025	The E‑ID is a foundational ID linked to the mandatory National ID. It serves as the primary legal identity for citizens and permanent residents.^[65] It can be used to access government services such as obtaining a driver’s license, opening bank accounts, applying for an international passport, and conducting land transactions. The National ID (and thus the E‑ID) is mandatory for certain services.

Domestic Law and Policy

Across the Pacific sub-region, the development of domestic laws and policies on digital identity depends on the presence of national digital ID system. Only three countries (Australia, New Zealand and Vanuatu) in the sub-region have established legal and policy frameworks to govern digital ID. The 14 other countries are still in early stages of planning and developing necessary frameworks for its implementation.

Australia and New Zealand have detailed statutory and policy definitions of digital identity in the Digital ID Act (2024) and the Digital Identity Services Trust Framework Act (2023), respectively.^[66] Digital identity in Australia and New Zealand is typically defined as an electronic representation or service that enables individuals to authenticate themselves and securely share personal information when accessing online services.^[67] Vanuatu regulates its national ID system without explicitly defining ‘digital identity’ in law. The ID system is governed by the Vanuatu National Identity Card Policy (2017), Civil Registration and Identity Management Act (2021) and the Vanuatu National Identity Act (2021).^[68] All three countries separate digital ID systems and citizenship status in their laws or policies.

Two countries, Samoa and Papua New Guinea, have not yet rolled out their digital ID systems but have introduced laws or policy frameworks that establish the legal basis for future implementation. Samoa’s National Digital Identification Act (2024) sets out the structure of a digital ID system anchored in a unique identification number and biometric database, while explicitly stating that digital credentials do not confer citizenship.^[69] Papua New Guinea has finished its draft of its Digital ID Policy, with the digital ID system being defined as ‘electronic identity verification system so individuals can access services or conduct transactions.’^[70]

The remaining countries in the Pacific are still in early planning phases and do not yet have domestic laws that define digital identity. Kiribati’s existing legislative and policy framework does not define digital IDs despite its plans to create a digital ID system under the Kiribati Digital Government Project.^[71] The Marshall Islands is similarly without a legal framework for digital identity, with plans to introduce an Information and Communication Technology policy.^[72] In two countries, other relevant legislation includes the Electronic Transactions Act (introduced in 2021 in Kiribati and 2025 in the Marshall Islands) that aim to facilitate the use of electronic transactions, signatures, and records in a secure and reliable manner.^[73] Nauru has no legal framework to define digital identity, but has outlined plans to develop a national digital ID within its National Digital Transformation Strategy 2025–2030.^[74]

Data Protection

Most countries in the Pacific do not have data protection and privacy laws tied to digital ID in place, as many do not have digital ID systems. Only seven out of the 17 countries (Australia, Kiribati, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Vanuatu) have legal or policy frameworks addressing personal data protection in the context of digital identity. Palau stands out as it has established data protection and privacy laws that are in line with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001 for Cyber Security Compliance, for its Digital Residency Program designed for non-citizens.^[75]

New Zealand’s Privacy Act (2020) and Australia’s Privacy Act (1988) both provide comprehensive data protection, including principles on how personal information can be collected, used, stored, and disclosed.^[76] However, they do not mandate encryption of digital ID, and there is no way to erase personal data. Samoa’s National Digital Identification Act (2024) includes principles of data retention and secure storage, as well as penalties for data breaches.^[77] Vanuatu’s Data Protection and Privacy Act (2024) outlines reasonable safeguards, including purpose limitation, data minimization, data accuracy, and security measures, but it does not clearly regulate biometric data used within its E-ID system, and it does not prohibit government access.^[78] Papua New Guinea and Kiribati also have data governance laws which provide general data protection safeguards, but they are limited in relation to digital ID systems.^[79]

International Commitments

Most Pacific countries are not currently party to any international treaty or binding framework that explicitly outline obligations for digital ID systems. However, New Zealand is a member of the Digital Identity Governance Working Group and aligns with the OECD Recommendation on Digital Identity, which emphasises the importance of user-centred and inclusive digital ID systems. Australia has made a non-binding commitment to provide legal identity for all, as part of Goal 16.9 of the Sustainable Development Goals. It has also committed itself to aligning its digital services with OECD’s Recommendation of the Council on Digital Government Strategies (2014). Palau has engaged with international initiatives such as the United Nations’ Global Digital Compact, aiming to foster enhanced global digital cooperation, which aligns with its non-citizen-focused digital residency program.^[84] As for Guam, even though it currently has no digital ID system, as part of the United States and as an OECD member, it is involved in a G7 Mapping Exercise of Digital Identity Approaches.^[85]

Summary Table

The table summarises the types of legal IDs available, whether their digital IDs are foundational or functional, whether they have data protection laws, the voluntary nature of their digital IDs, access to digital IDs for stateless persons or refugees, and the international core human rights treaties ratified in the Pacific sub-region.

Country	Legal ID (Type)	Digital ID (Foundational/Functional)	Domestic Laws & Policy Covering Digital ID	Data Protection Law	Digital ID Mandatory?	Access for Stateless/Refugees	Intl. Treaty Ratified (Data/Human Rights)
American Samoa	Birth certificate and a personal identification card.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	OECD – G7 Mapping Exercise of Digital Identity Approaches.
Australia	Birth registration, passport, myID digital ID.	Foundational and functional.	Yes: Digital ID Act 2024.	Yes: Privacy Act 1988.	No	No in practice.	ICCPR, CERD, CRC, CEDAW, CRPD.
Federated States of Micronesia	Birth certificate.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	CRC
Fiji	Birth certificate.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	CRC, 1954 Convention on Statelessness.
Guam	Birth certificate in Guam.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	OECD – G7 Mapping Exercise of Digital Identity Approaches.
Kiribati	Birth certificate.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Yes: Data Protection Policy; Data Protection Act (2025).	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Statelessness Conventions, the CRC, and CEDAW.
Marshall Islands	Birth certificate.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	CRC
Nauru	Birth certificate.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, the CRC, and CEDAW
New Zealand	New Zealand or overseas Passport, driver’s license, or firearms license, RealMe digital ID.	Functional and foundational.	Yes: Digital Identity Services Trust Framework Act 202.3	Yes: Privacy Act (2020.	No	No	Digital Identity Working Group (DIWG).
Northern Mariana Islands	Northern Mariana Identification Cards issued, Official Northern Marianas Descent Identification Card.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	OECD – G7 Mapping Exercise of Digital Identity Approaches.
Palau	Birth certificate, Root Name System for non-citizens.	Functional.	Yes: Digital Residency Program Cyber Security Regulation.	Yes: Privacy Act.	No	No	Global Digital Compact framework.
Papua New Guinea	Birth certificate and the National Identification (NID) card, SevisPass digital ID (yet to be rolled out).	Foundational	Yes: Digital ID Policy in its	Yes: National Data Governance & Data	No	No	1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol,ICCPR, ICESCR, ICERD, CRC, and CEDAW.
Samoa	Birth certificate, National Digital Identification System (yet to be rolled out).	None	Yes: National Digital Identification Act. (2024).	Yes: National Digital Identification Act. (2024).	No	No	1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, the ICCPR, CRC, and CEDAW.
Solomon Islands	Birth certificate.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, ICESCR, ICERD, CRC, and CEDAW.
Tonga	National ID card.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	ICERD, CRC.
Tuvalu	Birth certificate.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	Not applicable.	1951 Refugee Convention, CEDAW, CRC, CRPD.
Vanuatu	National ID card, E-ID.	Foundational.	Yes: Vanuatu National Identity Card Policy, Civil Registration and Identity Management Act (2021) and the Vanuatu National Identity Act. (2021).	Yes: Vanuatu National Data Protection and Privacy Policy (2023).	No	No	CRC, ICCPR.

Nine countries that rely on birth certificates as primary legal identity	Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu
Eight countries that rely on national ID cards and other documents as primary legal identity	American Samoa, Australia, Guam, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, Tonga

Legal Identity

Digital ID Overview

Law

Domestic Law and Policy

Data Protection

International Commitments

Designed to Include?

Summary Table